In my
last post I distinguished between terms of which you would learn as part of a general requirement to communicate with others, and terms that you would need for specialist communication. The former you would find in any standard or pocket dictionary, the latter in a specialist work according to subject (a medical dictionary, a glossary of advanced mathematical terms etc).
The purpose of doing this was to avoid making any philosophical distinction such as between general terms (man') and singular terms ('Socrates'). General terms can occur in generalist ('man') and specialist ('acrocanthosaurus') reference books, and similarly for singular terms: the proper name 'London' is in my general dictionary, the name of individual Londoners in the London telephone book (think of a telephone book as a specialist dictionary of proper names), and the names of individual streets in the specialist 'A-Z of London' street directory.
I say that a discourse is 'semantically complete' in respect of any particular reference dictionary when it is syntactically well-formed, and when its meaning is clear to any person who has learned the meaning of terms found in the dictionary.
I shall show that a discourse consisting of more than one sentence can be semantically complete, even when some of its component sentences are semantically incomplete. For example:
(1) A man and a boy were standing by a fountain. The man had a drink.
Clearly the two sentences
taken together are semantically complete. Any compact dictionary of English contains words such as 'a', 'man', 'boy' etc, and anyone who has learned the meaning of those words and understands basic English syntax will understand what the two sentences mean
together. So also the first sentence is complete. Everyone who understands basic English understands "A man and a boy were standing by a fountain". But the second sentence is not complete, at least not on its own. You don't understand "the man had a drink" without reference to the first sentence, because without it, you don't understand that the two sentences together imply that a man
who was standing by a fountain had a drink. To understand the second sentence, you have to understand that 'the man' refers back to the man mentioned in the first sentence. So it is not semantically complete, even though it is part of a discourse which is.
It is the same when we use proper names.
(2) A man called 'Dudley' and a boy were standing by a fountain. Dudley had a drink.
Even though the name 'Dudley',
as it is used here, is not contained in any directory or dictionary of proper names, the meaning of the two sentences together is available to any competent speaker of English. For the name 'Dudley' is defined in the first sentence, and for that reason the second sentence is semantically incomplete. It depends on the definition of the name given in the first sentence, and is not properly understandable without it. Thus the 'reference' of the proper name 'Dudley' is really
back-reference to a previous part of the text.
This conception of reference contrasts with the Kripkean conception of reference where the incomplete sense of a singular sentence must be completed by reference to the
external world (not some prior text), and where the sense of a singular term must somehow be 'passed on' from speaker to hearer. There is no need for reference to the external world, and there is no need for 'passing on' reference. The reference of the name 'Dudley' in the second sentence is clear because of the semantic completeness of the two sentences together. It is objectively clear, and does not need to be 'handed' from one person to another except in the sense that the speaker is able to construct a discourse that is clear to any competent hearer, and when the hearer is competent enough to understand it.
